Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) consist of monoclonal antibodies (Antibody) targeting tumor-specific or tumor-associated antigens coupled with different numbers of small molecule toxins (Payload) through a linker, combining the high targeting ability of monoclonal antibodies and the high activity of cytotoxins in tumor tissues. It has the dual advantages of high targeting of monoclonal antibodies and high activity of cytotoxic agents in tumor tissues, and has better efficacy than traditional antibody-based oncology drugs.
As the three major components of ADCs, the selection of antibodies is undoubtedly crucial in determining the efficacy of ADCs; linkers determine the systemic toxicity and clinical efficacy of ADCs; and toxins are the key factors in determining the lethality of ADCs.
Through an in-depth analysis of more than 500 ADC drugs in the market and active pipeline, we have compiled a panoramic layout of toxins and linkers.
Toxins
⭐ More than 130 species have been published so far
Launched&Registered |
Phase 2 Clinical |
Phase 1 Cliical |
|||
Toxin types |
Number of pipelines |
Toxin types |
Number of pipelines |
Toxin types |
Number of pipelines |
MMAE |
3 |
MMAE |
10 |
MMAE |
9 |
calicheamicin |
2 |
DM1 |
2 |
DM1 |
4 |
IR700 |
1 |
DM4 |
2 |
DM4 |
2 |
MMAE |
1 |
DXd |
2 |
SG3199 |
2 |
SG3199 |
1 |
Pseudomonas exotoxin A |
2 |
212Pb |
1 |
DM1 |
1 |
tubulysin |
2 |
alpha-emitting radionuclides |
1 |
DXd |
1 |
A-1677770 |
1 |
Amberstain |
1 |
MMAF |
1 |
Actnium-225(Ac 225)radiolabelled to satetraxetan |
1 |
Auristatin DolaLock payload |
1 |
PE-38 |
1 |
Amanitin |
1 |
Auristatin-0101 |
1 |
SN-38 |
1 |
anthracycline-derivat ive PNU-159682 |
1 |
calicheamicin |
1 |
159682 |
|||||
yttrium-90 |
1 |
Auristatin derivative |
1 |
camptothecin |
1 |
Pre-registration&Phase 3 |
Auristain F-HPA |
1 |
clezutoclax |
1 |
|
Toxin types |
Number of pipelines |
belotecan-derived payload |
|
alpha-emitting radioisotopethorium Th 227 |
|
1 |
1 |
||||
DM1 |
1 |
DGN-549 |
1 |
deBouganin |
1 |
DM4 |
2 |
DOS47 |
1 |
DGN-549 |
1 |
DXd |
1 |
DT390 |
1 |
dibenzocyclooctyne(DBCO) |
1 |
MMAF |
1 |
duostatin-5 |
1 |
DM-21 |
1 |
Ricin Toxin A(RTA) |
1 |
eribulin |
1 |
Duocam ycin analogues |
1 |
staphylococcalenterotoxin A |
1 |
glucocortcoid receptor modulator steroid |
1 |
duostain-5 |
1 |
vc-seco-DUBA |
1 |
IL-12 |
1 |
engineered transglutaminase,presumed to be derived from trastuzumab and MMAE |
1 |
Pseudomonas exotoxin |
1 |
oxyntomodulin |
1 |
exatecan derivative |
1 |
A |
|||||
Phase 1 Clinical |
|
PE-38 |
1 |
MAAA-1181a |
1 |
Toxin types |
Number of pipelines |
Pyrrolo benzodiazepine(PBD) dimer |
1 |
maytansine |
1 |
Pyrrolo benzodiazepine(PBD) dimer |
1 |
seco-DUocarmycin hydroxy Benzamide Aza indole(DUBA) |
1 |
Maytansoid |
1 |
pyrrolo benzodiazepine(PBD)) dimerS GD-1882 |
1 |
SG3199 |
1 |
MMAF |
1 |
SHR 152852 |
1 |
TLR 7/ 8 agonist |
1 |
Morphotek's eribulin-linker payload |
1 |
TLR7 agonist |
1 |
truncated diphtheria toxin |
1 |
novel, proprietary, N-acylsulfonamide a uri stat n cytotoxin |
1 |
TLR8 agonist |
1 |
|
|
proprietary cleavable drug-linker |
1 |
Tub196 |
1 |
|
|
pyrrolobenzodiazepine(PBD) |
1 |
Preclinical |
|||||
Toxin types |
Number of pipelines |
Toxin types |
Number of pipelines |
Toxin types |
Number of pipelines |
MMAE |
15 |
DGN-549 |
1 |
DGN-549 |
1 |
Amanitin |
|
diethylene tri amine penta acetic acid |
|
diethylene triamine pentaaceic acid andy trium-90-1abelled anti-integrin-alpha 6/beta 4(90YITGA6B 4) |
|
5 |
andy trium-90-1abelledani-integrin-alpha 6/beta 4(90Y-ITGA6B 4) |
1 |
1 |
||
DM1 |
5 |
dimeric pyrrolo benzodiazepine;dPBD |
1 |
dimeric pyurolo benzodiazepine;d PBD |
1 |
IR700 |
4 |
dimeric structure of cyclopropyl pyrrolo[e] indolones(CPI) |
1 |
dimeric structure of cyclopropyi pyrrolo[e] indol ones(CP) |
|
1 |
|||||
PNU-159682 |
4 |
DM3/DM4 |
1 |
DM3/DM4 |
1 |
maytansine |
3 |
DM4/DGN-549 |
1 |
DM4/DGN-549 |
1 |
SN-38 |
3 |
DNA toxin |
1 |
DNA toxin |
1 |
de-immunized antigen-seeding engineered toxin body(ETB) |
2 |
docetaxel |
|
docetaxel |
|
1 |
1 |
||||
DGN-462 |
2 |
dolastoxin derivate DU 0-5 |
1 |
dolastoxin derivate DUO-5 |
1 |
doxorubicin |
2 |
DUO-5 |
1 |
DUO-5 |
1 |
kinesin spindle protein inhibitor |
2 |
duocarmycin derivative |
1 |
duocarmycin derivative |
1 |
maytansinoid |
2 |
duostatin 5.2 |
1 |
duostatin 5.2 |
1 |
microtubule polymerization inhibitor |
2 |
PM-050489 |
1 |
PM-050489 |
1 |
MMAF |
2 |
PM160057 |
1 |
PM160057 |
1 |
Pseudomonas exotoxin A(PE24) |
2 |
PNU payload |
1 |
PNU payload |
1 |
TLR7/ 8 agonist |
2 |
proprietary MDR-resistantmaytansinoid linker-payload |
1 |
proprietary MDR-resistant maytans in oid linker-payload |
1 |
TLR8 agonist |
2 |
PSARlink hydrophilic drug-linker |
1 |
PSA R link hydrophilic drug-linker |
1 |
tubulysin |
2 |
Pyrrolo benzodiazepine(PBD) dimer |
1 |
Pyrrolo benzodiazepine(PBDdimer |
1 |
alpha emitter thorium-227 |
1 |
pyrrolo benzodiazepine(PBD)prodrug |
1 |
pyrrolo benzodiazepine(PBD)prodrug |
1 |
Angio Pep-2 |
1 |
pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer,cyclopropabenz indolone dimer,cyclo propabenzindolone-pyrrolobenzodiazepine heterodimer |
|
pyrrolo benzodiazepine dimer,cyclo propa benzindolone dimer,cyclopropabenzindo lone-pyrrolo benzodiazepineheterodimer |
|
1 |
1 |
||||
|
|
||||
an-microbial, cell-killing peptid |
1 |
saporin |
1 |
saporin |
1 |
AraLinker-P ABC-MMAE |
1 |
SG3249 |
1 |
SG3249 |
1 |
Auristatin |
1 |
Shiga-1ike toxin A subunit |
1 |
Shiga-like toxin A subunit |
1 |
Auristatin analogS HR-152852 |
1 |
SMCC-DMl and sS PDB-DM 4 |
1 |
SMCC-DM1 and sSPDB-DM4 |
1 |
Auristatin E |
1 |
soluble MGAA duocar mycin derivative |
1 |
soluble MGAA duocar mycin derivative |
1 |
Auristatin F |
1 |
spliceostatin |
1 |
spliceostatin |
1 |
bouganin |
1 |
thioether 1inker(Zt/g 4-maytansinoid) or via a dipeptide linker to MMAE(Zt/g4-MMAE) |
1 |
thioether 1inker(Zt/g 4may tans in oid) or via a dipeptde linker toM MAE(Zt/g 4-M MAE) |
1 |
chloromethyl benz-indoline dimers,including TP-28 |
1 |
deBouganin |
1 |
deimmunized bouganin |
1 |
CLB-SN-38 |
1 |
Concortis linker-Duo 5.2toxin |
1 |
cyclopropyrrolonaolit payload |
|
⭐Competitive landscape and number of TOP 20 toxins in the ADC drug field
NO |
Toxin |
Number of pipelines |
1 |
MMAE |
39 |
2 |
DM1 |
13 |
3 |
Amanitin |
6 |
4 |
DM4 |
6 |
5 |
PNU-159682 |
6 |
6 |
IR700 |
5 |
7 |
MMAF |
5 |
8 |
DXd |
4 |
9 |
maytansine |
4 |
10 |
SN-38 |
4 |
11 |
tubulysin |
4 |
12 |
SG3199 |
4 |
13 |
calicheamicin |
3 |
14 |
DGN-549 |
3 |
15 |
PE-38 |
3 |
16 |
Pseudomonas exotoxin A |
3 |
17 |
Pyrrolobenzodiazepine(PBD) dimer |
3 |
18 |
TLR7/8 agonist |
3 |
19 |
TLR8 agonist |
3 |
20 |
deBouganin |
2 |
⭐ Analysis of toxins in different clinical stages of ADC drugs
Stage |
Toxins TOP 3 |
Number of pipelines |
Phase 3 |
DM4 |
2 |
staphylococcal enterotoxin A、DM1、Ricin Toxin A、MMAF、DXd、vc-seco-DUBA |
1 |
|
Phase 2 |
MMAE |
10 |
Tubulysin、Pseudomonas exotoxin A、eribulin、DM1、DM4 |
2 |
|
Phase 1 |
MMAE |
9 |
DM1 |
4 |
|
DM4、SG3199 |
2 |
|
Preclinical |
MMAE |
15 |
Amanitin、DM1、PNU-159682 |
5 |
|
IR700 |
4 |
Connecting Subs
⭐Nearly 70 published species so far
Launched&Registered |
Phase 2 Clinical |
Phase l Clinical |
Phase 2 Clinical |
||||
Type of linker |
Number of pipelines |
Type of linker |
Number of pipelines |
Type of linker |
Number of pipelines |
Type of linker |
Number of pipelines |
mc-val-cit-PABC |
3 |
Cleavable vane-citrulline linker |
4 |
cleavable linker |
4 |
Cleavable vaine-citrulline linker |
4 |
acid-1abile 4(4- acetyl butyrate) linker |
1 |
cleavable linker |
3 |
Cleavable valine-cit rull ne linker |
4 |
non-cleavable linker |
3 |
bifunction a 14( 4 acetyl phenoxy) but an oic acid(Ac Buf) |
1 |
mc-val-cit-PABC |
2 |
SMCC |
2 |
SMCC |
3 |
Cleavable valine-ci tru lie linker |
1 |
non-cleavable linker |
2 |
4APnon-cleavable ln ker |
1 |
cleavable linker |
2 |
hydrolysable carbonate linker |
1 |
peptide linker |
2 |
amide bond |
1 |
non-polyethylene glycol linker |
2 |
MC-Vc-PA Blinker |
1 |
SPDB linker |
2 |
cathepsin cleavable linker |
1 |
sortasemediated antibody conjug ation technology(SMAC) |
2 |
noncleavable maleinidoc aproyl (mc) linker |
|
cathepsin cleavable inker |
1 |
cathepsin- cleavable maleimdocapr oyl-valine-alanine(MC-Val-Ala) type linker |
1 |
bioresversible linker |
1 |
1 |
|||||||
SMCC |
1 |
cleavable, valine-alanine dipeptide(as cathepsin eBc leav age site) male ii de type linker containing a spacer PEG |
1 |
cleavable(valine-alanine dipeptide as cathepsin e |
1 |
cathepsin B-cleavable linker |
1 |
B cleavage site) maleimide type linker |
|||||||
tetrapept de linker, Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly(GF LG) |
1 |
cysteine protease-cleavable dipeptide linker |
1 |
Cleavable valine-citr uline-seco(vc-seco) |
1 |
cathepsin B-sensitive cleavable linker |
1 |
tiuxetan |
1 |
flexible PEG lin ker |
1 |
LegoChem ls proprietary linker |
1 |
CL2A linker |
1 |
leavable(valine-alanine dipeptide as cathepsin e B cleavage site) malein ide type linker containing a space rPEG(n=8) |
1 |
furin cleavable linker(RVRR) |
1 |
maytansinoid |
1 |
cleavable disulfide linker |
1 |
Pre-registration&Phase 3 |
noncleavable maleimidocapr oyl(mc) 1inker |
1 |
maytansin oid inker-payload(DM 21-C) |
1 |
cleavable male imi do-caproylvaecitrulne-para amino benzyl carbamoy 1 linkers |
1 |
|
Type of linker |
Number of pipelines |
N-succiniidy 1[4-iodo acetyl] amninobenzoate(SIAB) |
1 |
mc-val-cit-P ABC |
1 |
disulfde bond |
1 |
SPDB linker |
2 |
peptide cleavable linker |
1 |
non-cleavable dibenzo cyclo oc tyne(DB CO) linker |
1 |
disulfide bond to residual cysteine |
1 |
MCC |
1 |
Site-specific Thio Bridge Linker |
1 |
non-polyethylene glycol linker |
1 |
engineered cysteine conjugation |
1 |
PEG spacer |
1 |
SMCC |
1 |
PEGylated gluco ronde linker |
1 |
Ik suda's proprietary PermaLink |
1 |
tetrapeptide-based inker |
1 |
Synthon cleavable linker |
1 |
peptide like r |
1 |
1egu main-cleavable linker |
1 |
|
|
|
|
proprietary cleavable ln ker |
1 |
LX linker |
1 |
|
|
|
|
protease-cleavable linker |
1 |
maleimidocaproylvaline citru line pa mino benzyloxy carbonyl |
1 |
|
|
|
|
smart linker |
1 |
Mersana Therapeut cs'Dol alexin Fleximer linker |
1 |
|
|
|
|
tetra pept de-based cleavable linker |
1 |
non-cleavable amide/peptide linker |
1 |
|
|
|
|
uncleavable linker |
1 |
non-cleavable peptide linker |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
novel peptide linker |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
PermaLink conjugation |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
quaternary amine linkers |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
unique lysine conjugation approach |
1 |
⭐Competitive landscape and number of linkers in the ADC drug field
NO |
Linker |
Number of pipelines |
1 |
Cleavable valine-citrullne linker |
13 |
2 |
deavable linker |
9 |
3 |
SMCC |
7 |
4 |
mc-val-cit-PABC |
7 |
5 |
non-cleavable linker |
5 |
6 |
SPDB linker |
4 |
7 |
non-polyethylene glycol linker |
3 |
8 |
peptide linker |
3 |
9 |
cathepsin cleavable linker |
2 |
10 |
noncleavable maleimidocaproyl(mc) linker |
2 |
11 |
protease-cleavable linker |
2 |
12 |
sortasemediated antibody conjugationtechnology(SMAC) |
2 |
13 |
4APnon-cleavable linker |
1 |
14 |
acid-lab ie 4-(4'-acetyl phenoxy) but an oic acid(acetyl butyrate) linker |
1 |
15 |
amide bond |
1 |
16 |
bifunctiona1 4-(4-acetyl phenoxy) butanoicacid(Ac But) |
1 |
17 |
bioresversible linker |
1 |
18 |
cathepsin B-sensitive cleavable linker |
1 |
19 |
cathepsin-deavablemaleimidocaproyl-valine-alanine(MC-Val-A1a) type linker |
1 |
20 |
CL2A linker |
1 |
⭐Analysis of the linker profile of ADC drugs in different clinical phases
Stage |
Toxin TOP 3 |
Number of pipelines |
Phase 3 |
SPDB 1inker |
2 |
tetrapeptide-based linker、PEG spacer、MCC |
1 |
|
Phase 2 |
Cleavable valine-citrulline linker |
4 |
cleavable linker |
3 |
|
mc-val-cit-P ABC、non-de av able linker、peptidelinker、SPD B linker |
2 |
|
Phase 1 |
Cleavable valine-citrulline linker |
4 |
cleavable linker |
4 |
|
SMCC |
2 |
|
Preclinical |
Cleavable valine-citrulline linker |
4 |
non-cleavable linker、SMCC |
3 |
|
SMAC、non-polyethylene glycol linker |
2 |
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